Separation Techniques

There are many separation techniques, they are:

- Magnetic Attraction

- Filtration

- Evaporation to dryness

- Distillation

- Chromatography

- Using a separating funnel

Magnetic Attraction

This process is used to separate magnetic object

Filtration

This process is used to separate insoluble solids from the liquid in a solid-liquid mixture.
The insoluble solid that remains on the filter paper is called residue. The liquid that passes through is called the filtrate.

Evaporation to dryness

Evaporatiion to dryness is a process used to separate a dissolved solid that does not decompose on heating from a solution

Distillation

Distillation is a process used to separate a liquid from a solid-liquid solution or liquid-liquid solution

-Fractinonal Distillation

This process can be used to separate miscible liquids with different boiling points where the liquid with the lower boiling point will vaporise first

Chromatography

Chromatography is a process used to separate the differernt components in a liquid or gaseous mixture

Using a Separating Funnel

A separating funnel can be used to separate two immiscible liquids, such as oil and water

From this topic i learnt many separation technique, this also helped me to understand some of things in my  daily life.

Research

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN EVAPORATION AND BOILING


Boiling only take place at 100 degree celcius
Evaporation takes place all the time

Normally evaporation occurs at a much slower rate than boiling because most evaporation occurs with room temperature water.

WHY EVAPORATION CAN CHANGE LIQUID STATE TO GASEOUS STATE BELOW BOILING POINT

As what i have mention earlier evaporation takes place all the time means that once the liquid gain heat it will evaporate hence evaporation can take place below 100 degree celcius.
WHY EVAPORATION OCCURS ONLY ON THE SURFACE WHILE BOILING OCCURS THROUGHOUT THE LIQUID



When we boiling water the heat source is below and heat travel upwards hence heat will be spread across the water. However in evaporation it takes place when ever there is heat and water that is in the cup only have a surface area for heat to contact which is the top hence evaporation does not take place with heat throughout the water.

IN NORMAL CIRCUMSTANCES, WHEN AN OBJECT COOLS, IT CONTRACTS, WHY LIQUIDS EXPAND WHEN IT COOLS?WHAT IS THE CRICTICAL TEMPERATURE FOR IT TO OCCUR?



Water's out-of-the-norm behavior is caused by the shape of its molecule and by how its molecules bond to one another.



Each water molecule is two hydrogen atoms bonded to one oxygen atom (H2O).



In liquid water, as molecules slip-slide past each other, bonds form, break, and re-form. But by the time water has cooled to 4 C., the molecules' energy has dropped enough that they are very near one another. So each H2O molecule forms more stable hydrogen bonds, with up to four fellow molecules. The crictical temperature for it to happen is 4 dgrees celcius.

Day 5 of Science Eureka Sabbat.

Today we had a mini test and we had to do a presentation on some topics my group chose Maglen train hence we presented on the History of Maglev and the technology behing it.

I think the entire five days benefited me as i think i already have a headstart for secondary 2 as i have learnt many new things in chemistry, biology and physics. I feel that i have chosen the correct Sabbat. and i reaaly have enjoyes this Sabbat.

Day 4 of Science Eureka Sabbat.

For today’s lesson we did biology, I was very excited, as I have not done a bio experiment before. In this blog post I will be telling you what experiment we did and some things I learnt.

Experiment 1: Egg Ping Pong and Rubber Bones

In this Experiment, we dip a boiled egg in to vinegar and in the end the boiled became rubbery after 4 hours. This reason is that eggshell made of calcium carbonate and vinegar is an ethonaic acid hence when they react with each other, it will produce salt water and carbon dioxide and the shell will dissolve causing the egg to be surrounded with a layer of membrane that made the egg rubbery and bouncy.

After we had done this experiment the trainer showed us a rubbery bone he said that it become like this after having soak in vinegar is because the bone contain calcium hence the bone will react like the egg.

Experiment 2: Fizzy Yeast

In this experiment, we mix yeast with sugar then pour it into a conical flask. After that we put a balloon over the tip of the conical flask. After an hour the balloon was inflated.  The explanation to this is:

 Yeast is a microscopic form of fungus, it is related to mushrooms. Like us it will eat sugars and react them with oxygen from the air to form water and carbon dioxide.

However this would not explain the increase in the volume of gas in the bottle. This is because if you react with a sugar such as glucose with oxygen you form as much carbon dioxide as the oxygen so there would be no increase in volume and the balloon would not inflate.

However yeast has another trick up its sleeve. If there is lots of food about in the form of sugar but not enough oxygen, the yeast can generate energy by breaking down the sugar into ethanol and carbon dioxide.

Experiment 3: DIY toothpaste

In the experiment, we used glycerin, table salt and baking soda to make an artificial toothpaste, I learnt that toothpaste contains many trace of chemicals that may be toxic when ingested hence toothpaste cannot be swallowed. If consume…

Experiment 4: Jelly Science

In this experiment our aim is to investigate the effect of different fruits on the setting of jelly. When making the jelly one of the fruits we put in is pineapple this let us observe that strangely that the jelly with pineapple could not solidify. Here is the reason:

As jelly is made up long thin protein molecules. The reasons that jelly sets is that as the gelatin molecules tangle up as they cool which traps water making a flexible solid. However pineapple contains enzymes known as acteniden that will “cut” the protein molecules hence the jelly could not harden.

Experiment 5: DNA of kiwi

In this experiment we first crush the kiwi slices and then mix it with DNA extraction solution to extract the DNA of kiwi lastly we put the mixture in to a machine that will heat the mixture for 15 minutes.

After 15 minutes, we pour the mixture into attest tube then we add ice cold ethanol in to the mixture slowly we can see the DNA separating from the mixture.

Experiment 6: Sticky Milky

In this experiment, we used skim milk and vinegar we mix both well then we filter the mixture. The residue is the solid curds. We took the curds and mix it with baking soda with a little water. Lastly you obtain your sticky “glue”.

This happen because when vinegar is added to the milk, the milk undergo polymerization causing the milk to become more and more sticky.

Day 3 of Science Eureka Sabbat.

Today we had another lesson on chemistry. Today the lesson was conduted by nicholas and another senior that I had forgotten his name. Today lesson was like yesterday’s 7 experiments but today we had only one break. In this post I am going to tell you the things I learnt in today’s lesson, I am going to present in experiment by experiment format.

Experiment 1: Home-made pH indicator

In the experiment, we made our own pH indicator using red cabbage and ionized water. Here are some things that I learnt:

- Saliva is an acid

- Fluid in our stomach is hydrochloric acid (HCL), an acid

- To find the pH level we use: log[H+]

- Let’s take hydrogen for example:

   if hydrogen is written in H it is an atom

   if hydrogen is written in H2 it is a molecule

   if hydrogen is written in H+ it is an ion

- When using a Universal Indicator to test the pH level of something:

   for acids: 0-3 red, 3-6 yellow/orange

   for neutral: 7 green

   for alkaline: 8-11 blue, 11-14 purple

Experiment 2: Disappearing Ink

In this experiment we get to stain a cloth with a solution then we wait for the solution to dry and “disappear” then we use ammonia to make the solution reappear. Here are some things I learnt in this experiment:

- pH of ethonal: 8-9

  pH of sodium hydroxide: 12-14

  pH of ammonia: 8

Experiment 3: Rainbow Reactions

In this experiment we used sodium hydrochloric acid, hydrochloric acid, sodium carbonate and universal indicator solution to create a rainbow effect. Here are a few things I learnt:

- When acids react with:

 

Metal

Hydrochloric acid + magnesium will become magnesium chloride + hydrogen

Alkali

Hydrochloric acid + sodium hydroxide will become sodium chloride + water

Carbonate

Sulfuric acid + calcium carbonate will become calcium carbonate + carbon dioxide gas + water

- Reaction of an acid and alkali

   if acid increases, pH<7

   if alkaline is excess, pH>7

Experiment 4: Exothermic and Endothermic Reaction

In this experiment we used several combination of solution to observe the reaction both exothermic and epothermic. What I learnt:

-       When anhydrous copper (II) sulfate + deionise water exothermic reaction will take place

-       When Citric acid + sodium hydrogen endothermic reaction take place

-       When zinc + copper (II) sulfate exothermic reaction takes place

-       Exothermic reaction is when the solution gains heat and endothermic is when the solution lose heat

Experiment 5: Diffusion in Liquids

In this experiment we learnt about diffusion. Here is what I learnt:

-       Diffusion describes the spread of particles through random motion from regions of higher concentration to regions of lower concentration, concept of diffusion is tied to that of mass transfer driven by concentration.

-       Lead (II) nitrate + potassium iodine will become lead (II) iodine + potassium nitrate

-       Copper (II) sulfate + sodium hydroxide will become copper (II) hydroxide + sodium sulfate

-       Iron (II) sulfate + hydroxide will become Iron (II) hydroxide + sodium sulfate

Experiment 6: Cool Inflation

In this experiment we investigate the principle behind exothermic reactions and to gain an understanding of the products that would form in various chemical reactions

Experiment 7: The effects of concentration on a rate of reaction

In this experiment we explored the effects on the effects of concentration on a rate of reaction, we also learn that pressure of gas, temperature, surface area and catalyst also affect the rate of reaction.

Day 2 of Science Eureka Sabbat.

For today’s lesson we did on chemistry, the class was conducted by two seniors, Nicholas and zhao yong. We were told that we are going to do five experiment today and we will have two breaks. I am going to present what we did in six section each section each experiment.

Experiment 1: Rates of Reaction

We start of the day aiming to investigate the effect of surface area of a solid substance on the rate of a chemical reaction.

The controlled variables is the concentration of sulphuric acid, mass of magnesium, initial temperature and volume of sulphuric acid.

The independent variable is the surface area of magnesium.

The dependent variable is the time of reaction

By the end of the experiment we conclude that the higher the surface area the faster the reaction will take place.

Experiment 2: Seperation Techniques

In this experiment we explored two types of seperation techniques both filtration and decanting. To save time my group decided to split up to do two experiment at the same time two person for each experiment. I got to try out what s filtration.

After the experiment we concluded:

Decanting can be done quickly although results are not accurate.

Filtration allow results to be more accurate than decanting but time taken is slow

Experiment 3: Rank the Halogen

This experiment is to find the order of reactivity of chlorine bromine and iodine.

In this experiment we used a few weird chemicals that I did not hear before like Aqueous KCI solution, Aqueous KBr solution and Aqueous KI solution.

In the end we conclude that the order of reativity pf the halogens is (from lowest to highest):

Iodine, Bromine, Chlorine

Experiment 4: Rank the Metals

In this experiment our aim is to find the order of reactivity of Copper, Zinc, Iron (III) and Magnesium from the least reactive to the most reactive.

Here are our results:

When Zinc Nitrate  mix with:

-       Magnesium: Bubbles appear

-       Copper: No Bubbles

-       Iron: No Bubbles

When Magnesium Sulfate mix with

-       Zinc: No Bubbles

-       Copper: No Bubbles

-       Iron: No Bubbles

When Copper (II) Sulfate mix with:

-       Zinc: Bubbles Appear

-       Magnesium: Bubbles Appear

-       Iron: Bubbles Apppear

When Iron (III) Sulfate mix with:

-       Zinc: Bubbles Appear

-       Magnesium: Bubbles Appear

-       Copper: No bubbles

From the results we concluded that the order of the reactivity of the metals is: ( from lowest to highest):

Copper, Iron, Zinc, Magnesium

Experiment 5: Buffering Action

In this Experiment our aim is to find the effects of buffers on a solutions’ pH.

Day 1 of Science Eureka Sabbat.

Today is the first day of my Science Eureka Sabattical I am very excited as I wa told that for the entire sabattical we will be doing experiment. Today we will be doing physics, I am in group D same group as my classmates like Xue Yao, Samuel and Jaron. In this blog post I will be sharing with you some experiments I did.

Theme 1: Mass, Weight and Density

Experiment 1: How Time Flies

In this experiment we need to find an open space and then take a beeping clock and tie it to an end of a string then start swinging around you, you will also need a friend to stand opposite you to hear the sound. In this experiment we need to observe the sound.

After the experiment we realize that the pitch is lower if the person is further is from the sound where as the pitch is higher if the person is nearer from the sound. Our trainer told us that this is due to the Doppler effect.

Experiment 2: Suspended Animation

In this experiment we have to find the different density of oil, water, honey, detergent, pebbles, red bean and Styrofoam. First we pour all the liquid together except detergent then we had to put the solid in.

I observe that the objects settled in this order, from bottom to top:

Pebble, Honey, Red bean, Water, Oil and Styrofoam

When we added detergent was added in it disrupted the layer between the oil and water.

Experiment 3: The Strongest Bridge

In this experiment we had to compete with other team. Our objective is to build he strongest build with 15 ice cream sticks, glue and threads. In the competition, my team came up with the strongest bridge our bridge manage to support 2 kilograms.

Theme 2: Magnets

Experiment 6: Making a Compass

In this experiment we use the stroking method to magnetise a steel needle and then we have our compass, quite an easy experiment.

Theme 3: Newton’s Laws of Motion

Experiment 8: The safest parachute

We began this lesson with the seniors teaching us newton’s 3 laws

-       Everybody remains in a state of rest unless it is acted upon by an external unbalanced force

-       A body mass m subject to a force f undergoes an acceleration a that has the same direction as the force and a magnitude that is directly proportional to the force and inversely proportional to the mass [F=ma]

-       To every action there is always an equal and opposite reactions or the forces of twp bodies on each other are always  equal and are directed in opposite directions

In this experiment we made our very own parachute.